<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>AM&#298R UL-IML&#256</TITLE>਍㰀猀琀礀氀攀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀∀㸀ഀഀ
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</style><META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="AMĪR,IMLĀ">਍㰀䴀䔀吀䄀 栀琀琀瀀ⴀ攀焀甀椀瘀㴀∀挀漀渀琀攀渀琀ⴀ琀礀瀀攀∀ 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀栀琀洀氀㬀 挀栀愀爀猀攀琀㴀唀吀䘀ⴀ㠀∀㸀㰀⼀䠀䔀䄀䐀㸀ഀഀ
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<p class="C1">&#65279AM&#298R UL-IML&#256, also known as <i>MUNTA<u>KH</u>AB UL-HAQ&#256'IQ</i>, a collection of miscellaneous letters, in Persian script, mostly of Sikh chiefs of the Punjab addressed to one another on subjects relating to private and public affairs. Compiled by Am&#299r Chand in A. H. 1209 (AD l794-95), the manuscript comprises 127 folios and 247 letters and is preserved in the Oriental section of the British Library, London. On folio 125 of the manuscript is recorded a note referring to one Im&#257nullah as its owner, implying that this is perhaps not the original copy prepared by Am&#299r Chand. However, no other copy, except a photostat of the British Museum manuscript secured by Dr Ga&#7751&#7693&#257 Si&#7749gh for his personal use, is known to exist. The colophon inscribed on this copy indicates that it was Dalpat R&#257i, son of <u>Kh</u>ushi&#257b&#299 Mall Sahgal, of Ja&#7751&#7693i&#257l&#257 Sher <u>Kh</u>&#257n, who originally collected these letters for compilation, but death prevented him from accomplishing the work which was then completed by his brother, Am&#299r Chand.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 挀栀椀攀昀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 䄀洀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀 吀愀椀洀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀爀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀Ⰰ 䬀愀爀愀洀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䈀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀Ⰰ 䨀愀椀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䬀愀渀栀愀椀礀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 䨀漀搀栀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀椀戀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 漀昀 倀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 䘀愀琀攀栀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 ☀⌀㈀㔀㘀栀氀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 䨀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䈀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀Ⰰ 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 匀愀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 䬀愀甀爀 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀愀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 爀甀氀攀爀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The contents of these letters cover a wide range of subjects such as the collection of revenue, formation of coalitions against aggressors, conquests, marriages and deaths in the families and the need for good neighbourly relations. In most of the letters the smaller rulers give vent to their sense of insecurity and apprehension at the expansionist policy of Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh who, they said, was vanquishing smaller kingdoms in the name of the unification of the scattered, broken and divided Punjab. A very important letter in this collection is from Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh addressed to the Emperor of Britain (ff. 20-21). The letter, besides commending the British Indian government for their equal treatment of all their subjects irrespective of their religious faith, attests to Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh's own conviction that the sovereignty was conferred upon the <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 by Gur&#363 Gobind Si&#7749gh and that they still ruled in the name of their Gur&#363, declaring that he wielded power in the name of the <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀刀愀琀愀渀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䈀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 椀猀 挀爀椀琀椀挀愀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀最最爀攀猀猀椀瘀攀 搀攀猀椀最渀猀 漀昀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 眀栀漀Ⰰ 栀攀 猀愀礀猀Ⰰ ∀椀渀猀瀀椀爀攀搀 戀礀 栀椀猀 栀椀最栀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀爀洀礀Ⰰ 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀 愀渀搀 琀爀攀愀猀甀爀礀Ⰰ 眀椀猀栀攀猀 琀漀 瀀氀愀挀攀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 甀渀搀攀爀 栀椀猀 漀眀渀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀⸀ ∀ 䠀攀 眀爀椀琀攀猀 琀漀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 ⠀昀昀⸀ ㌀㤀ⴀ㐀　⤀ 愀戀漀甀琀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀✀猀 挀漀渀焀甀攀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀爀攀愀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀礀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀猀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 ∀椀洀瀀椀漀甀猀 搀攀猀椀最渀猀∀ 琀漀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀 栀椀猀 猀漀瘀攀爀攀椀最渀琀礀 漀瘀攀爀 漀琀栀攀爀猀⸀ 匀椀洀椀氀愀爀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 氀攀琀琀攀爀 ⠀昀昀⸀ ㈀㌀ⴀ㈀㐀⤀ 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀戀愀栀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 漀昀 䴀甀氀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 愀搀搀爀攀猀猀攀搀 琀漀 吀愀椀洀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀爀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀椀渀最 栀椀洀 琀漀 甀猀攀 栀椀猀 最漀漀搀 漀昀昀椀挀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 猀漀 愀猀 琀漀 挀栀攀挀欀 栀椀猀 椀渀爀漀愀搀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 琀攀爀爀椀琀漀爀礀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are several letters from Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh addressed to various <i>sard&#257rs</i> informing them of the action he took against the unruly people (f. 83) such as dispatching an army to subdue a rebel, <u>Kh</u>&#257n Beg &#7788iw&#257&#7751&#257, who was formerly his subordinate (ff. 71-72). A letter from Dal Si&#7749gh and Jodh Si&#7749gh addressed to Jai Si&#7749gh records the date (4 Bais&#257kh/April; Wednesday) (<i>ch&#257r gha&#7771&#299 r&#257t gae</i>, i. e. before midnight) as the time of the death of Mah&#257&#7749 Si&#7749gh Sukkarchakk&#299&#257 (f. 10). In all these letters, the Sikh chiefs address each other Si&#7749gh S&#257hib, Bh&#257&#299 S&#257hib, or <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 J&#299o.</p>਍㰀⼀漀氀㸀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀伀一吀∀㸀䈀栀愀最愀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀㰀戀爀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
</font>਍㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀挀漀甀渀琀攀爀⸀愀猀瀀砀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀瀀砀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㄀瀀砀∀ 愀氀琀㴀∀∀㸀ഀഀ
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